Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Monetary Systems Essay Communism Communism is a monetary framework where all the financial choices are made by the administration or a focal position. There will be no private property rights since the legislature formally possesses all assets. It is otherwise called an order economy or an arranged framework. Communist financial matters alludes to the monetary hypotheses, practices, and standards of speculative and existing communist monetary frameworks. A communist economy depends on some type of social possession, which incorporates assortments of open proprietorship and free cooperatives, over the methods for creation, wherein creation is done to straightforwardly deliver use-esteem at times, yet not generally, organized through monetary arranging and an arrangement of bookkeeping dependent on figuring in-kind or an immediate proportion of work time. The term communist financial aspects may likewise be applied to investigation of previous and existing monetary frameworks that call themselves communist, for example, crafted by Hungarian market analyst Jã ¡nos Kornai. Communist financial aspects has been related with various schools of monetary idea, most quite Marxian financial matters, institutional financial aspects, transformative financial aspects and neoclassical financial aspects. Early communism, as Ricardian communism, depended on old style financial aspects. During the twentieth century, proposition and models for arranged economies and market communism depended vigorously on neoclassical financial aspects or a blend of neoclassical financial matters with Marxian or institutional financial aspects. look more:â what is the fundamental financial issue exposition Qualities 1 Public responsibility for All the assets are claimed and worked by the state or the administration in light of a legitimate concern for society in general. This is to guarantee equivalent chance of all residents paying little heed to their pay. Open possession additionally means to completely use the country’s assets. 2 Central arranging authority The focal authority is liable for settling on financial choices for society. The position designs and designates assets between current utilization and speculation for what's to come. 3 Price system of lesser significance Communism gives less significance to showcase powers. Costs are fixed by the administration and not controlled by request and flexibly. Private benefits are not permitted and open intrigue is stressed in the order economy. 4 Central control and possession A communist economy is a completely arranged economy where the legislature mediates in all parts of monetary movement. The administration controls creation, utilization, and the appropriation of products and enterprises. Benefits of Socialism 1 Production as indicated by fundamental needs Creation in a communist economy is chiefly aimed at delivering the fundamental needs of the individuals, for example, food, apparel and building materials. It isn't controlled by the buying influence of the wealthy in the public eye. The marvel of the rich getting more extravagant and the poor getting less fortunate doesn't exist in the communist economy. 2 Equal conveyance of pay and riches There is no distinction between the rich and poor people. This framework gives equivalent chance to all residents in acquiring a salary. Riches is likewise similarly conveyed since private undertaking is constrained 3 Better designation of resourses Under the communist framework, the arranging authority will assign assets between current utilization and future speculation. 4 No genuine joblessness or downturn/swelling The joblessness rate and swelling are normally dealt with by the legislature to guarantee financial strength in the nation. 5 Rapid monetary turn of events In a communism framework, the economy becomes quicker. The principle factors answerable for the rapic financial development are the full usage of assets, arranging and fast choices. 6 Social government assistance The legislature will furnish all residents of the nation with full government disability advantages, for example, annuity, mishap advantages and others. Since the legislature is concerned, work contest and wastage of assets don't exist in a communism framework. Financial Decisions in a Socialistic System What to create In Socialism, arranging specialists choose what to create. The Central Planning Authority will gather nitty gritty measurements on the asset accessibility in the nation and connection it with national needs. In the event that the arranging authority has a decision of delivering PCs utilizing more work or more hardware. Step by step instructions to deliver The Central Planning Authority likewise settled on the procedures to be utilized in the creation of various merchandise and enterprises. The decision is among customary and present day method of creation. For instance, the arranging authority has a decision of creating PCs utilizing more work or more hardware. For whom to create The conveyance of the national item is chosen by the Central Planning Authority. The dissemination of different products among residents is done through a lot of administred fixwd forms. Need merchandise are fixed at lower costs, and extravagance products at more significant expenses. The reason for these fixed costs is to diminish disparities in the conveyance of salary. Bad marks of Socialism 1 Lacks of motivating forces and initative by people People have no benefit rationale. This will prompt financial wastefulness since employments are given by the administration and people are not persuaded to work more enthusiastically. 2 Loss of financial opportunity and purchaser power Under a communist economy, the focal arranging authority or the legislature coordinates all monetary action. There is no decision given to the buyer and they acknowledge whatever open venture produce. There is little assortment in the products and ventures created and accessibility is limited. Restricted private associations exist in a communist economy. 3 Absence of rivalry Since there are restricted private endeavors, less innovative work (RD) exercises are completed. This outcomes in low quality items since there is no opposition. Communist economies in principle Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert distinguish five financial models inside the rubric of communist financial aspects * Public Enterprise Centrally Planned Economy in which all property is claimed by the State and all key monetary choices are made midway by the State, the previous Soviet Union. * Public Enterprise State-Managed Market Economy, one type of market communism which endeavors to utilize the cost component to increment financial proficiency, while all definitive gainful resources stay in the responsibility for state, for example communist market economy in China after change. * A blended economy, where open and private proprietorship are blended, and where modern arranging is eventually subordinate to showcase portion, the model commonly received by social democrats for example in twentieth century Sweden. * Public Enterprise Employee Managed Market Economies, another type of market communism where openly possessed, worker oversaw creation units take part in free market trade of merchandise and ventures with each other just as with definite purchasers, for example mid twentieth century Yugoslavia, Two increasingly hypothetical models are Prabhat Ranjan Sarkars Progressive Utilization Theory and Economic majority rules system. * Public Enterprise Participatory Planning, an economy including social responsibility for methods for creation with assignment dependent on an incorporation of decentralized just arranging, for example stateless socialism, libertarian communism. A beginning authentic progenitor is that of Catalonia during the Spanish upheaval. Progressively created hypothetical models incorporate those of Karl Polanyi, Participatory Economics and the arranged coordination model of Pat Devine, just as in Cornelius Castoriadiss flyer Workers Councils and the Economics of a Self-Managed Society. Also, Jã ¡nos Kornai recognizes five particular characterizations for communism: * Classical/Marxist origination, where communism is a phase of financial improvement wherein wage work, private property in the methods for creation and money related relations have been made repetitive through the advancement of the beneficial powers, so capital collection has been supplanted by monetary arranging. Monetary arranging in this definition implies cognizant portion of financial sources of info and the methods for creation by the related makers to straightforwardly boost use-values instead of trade esteems, as opposed to the turmoil of creation of private enterprise. * Walrasian/Market Socialist which characterizes communism as open possession or helpful undertakings in a market economy, with costs for maker merchandise set through an experimentation technique by a focal arranging board. In this view, communism is characterized regarding by law open property rights over significant endeavors. * Leninist origination, which incorporates a type of political association dependent on control of the methods for creation and government by a solitary ideological group contraption that professes to act in light of a legitimate concern for the average workers, and a belief system threatening toward business sectors and political difference, with coordination of financial movement through brought together monetary arranging (an order economy). * Social Democratic idea, in view of the entrepreneur method of creation, which characterizes communism as a lot of qualities as opposed to a particular sort of social and monetary association. It incorporates unlimited help for parliamentary majority rule government, continuous and reformist endeavors to set up communism, and backing for socially dynamic causes. Social democrats are not restricted to the market or private property; rather they attempt to improve the impacts of free enterprise through a government assistance state, which depends available as the major planning substance in the economy and a level of open possession/open arrangement of open merchandise in an economy in any case commanded by private undertaking. * East Asian model, or communist market economy, in light of a to a great extent free-showcase, capital collection for benefit and significant private possession alongside state-proprietor

Capital Asset Management and techniques of its evaluation Essay

Capital Asset Management and strategies of its assessment - Essay Example Despite the fact that the figuring is straightforward and basic, it despite everything has its constraints. It disregards the advantages, or the absence of, that happen after the restitution time frame and all the more significantly, the technique overlooks the time estimation of cash. On the opposite The Net Present Value is a pointer of how much worth a venture or task adds to the firm. The Net Present Value is a progressively solid strategy for ascertaining the profits anticipated from ventures as the technique considers the time estimation of cash. The Net Present Value looks at the estimation of a dollar today to the estimation of that equivalent dollar later on, considering both expansion and returns. The procedure utilizes limited income approach in surveying the presentation of a speculation. A positive Net Present Value created from a planned venture is a decent sign and ought to be acknowledged in actuality, a negative Net Present Value coming about because of tasks ought to be dismissed in light of the fact that the incomes will likewise be negative. In that capacity, this procedure appears to be increasingly sensible in deciding the profits of ventures. The Internal Rate of Return is the markdown rate that conveys a Net Present Value of zero for a progression of future incomes. Similarly as with the Net Present Value, this procedure utilizes the limited income approach and is as broadly utilized as the Net Present Value strategy. ... It shows the rebate rate underneath, which a speculation brings about a positive Net Present Value or more which a venture brings about a negative Net Present Value. It's the make back the initial investment markdown rate, the rate at which the estimation of money outpourings rises to the estimation of money inflows. In addition, the Internal Rate of Return can be found without assessing the expense of capital. Adjusted Internal Rate of Return is a comparable idea to the traditional Internal Rate of Return. Nonetheless, it is simpler to ascertain and doesn't deliver different outcomes, from unpredictable incomes anticipated from an undertaking, as contrasted and the last mentioned. Obviously the downside of utilizing Modified Internal Rate of Return is that it doesn't anticipate the age of incomes from its activities as anticipated and its Net Present Value appears to be exaggerated. This is in opposition to the utilization of Internal Rate of Return strategy, since it accept that incomes produced from a task are reinvested inside the venture at similar paces of return, in spite of the fact that they are frequently reinvested somewhere else inside the business. The Modified Internal Rate of Return can be determined with the utilization of spreadsheet bundle or the utilization of a traditional number cruncher. The two strategies give similar outcomes, be that as it may, the last is progressively monotonous and is utilized fundamentally for scholastic purposes. This method utilizes the Present Value of ventures, trailed by the exacerbated terminal income of the arrival stage. This is feasible for increasingly complex ventures, with speculation stage that extends more than a few periods. The outcomes created by this strategy are lower than the ordinary Internal Rate of Return technique yet in addition presents an increasingly reasonable methodology in evaluating ventures. In addition, the strategy utilizes the

Why Its Okay to Skip Writing the Next Stage For Your Paper

Why It's Okay to Skip Writing the Next Stage For Your PaperEveryone is probably thinking about what would be the best time to finish my paper. This is because writing a good finish should be done every single time you start on a new paper.As I've been writing a lot of papers I've found that there are some cases when you're okay to skip writing the next stage for that paper. For example, there might be some parts that you can leave out and get away with it. If you think that you're going to get stuck on a part, it's okay to put the paper on hold for a while to get it all finished.One thing I want to tell you though, if you don't think that you can finish the paper when you first start writing it, you're going to be missing out on so many opportunities that will lead to more sales. You should write a good finish every single time you start a new paper.Just think about it, there's so much information on that paper already. Why would you want to waste time trying to come up with more inf ormation?It's more important that you complete the paper now, then it is to try and write something that will be easy to forget by the time the paper is done. That's why I always suggest that you try and finish your paper as soon as possible.In addition to finishing my paper as soon as possible, the next time I'm about to write a paper, I'm going to start doing some research on the topic. There's nothing wrong with doing some preliminary research on your topic too.A lot of people I talk to aren't willing to do their current research because they feel that they need to understand the topic completely before they write anything. While it's true that you need to understand the topic thoroughly before you write anything, there are also cases where you might need to dig deeper to figure out some of the finer points of the topic.If you find that your current research doesn't quite cover all of the finer points of the topic, you can put it aside until the time comes to write your new paper . It's okay to take some time off for a while, and to not start writing a paper all at once.

The 2008 Financial Crisis and Liquidity Issues - 666 Words

Liquidity Crisis In Liquidity Crises, Elul (2008) is talking about the most common factors that create financial meltdowns and what steps must be taken to prevent them. This is accomplished through looking at events that occurred in the summer of 2007. It is at this point that he examines how these causes were exacerbated and the best ways to address the challenges. This is providing the reader with a total understanding of the financial crisis and how the federal government should respond during these times. Together, these elements offer a total understanding the common signs of a liquidity crisis and the most effective strategies for addressing them. (Elul, 2008) In the summer of 2007 the economy was overheating. This occurred because a large number of financial institutions had underwritten and invested in subprime mortgages. These are home loans that were marketed to buyers who cannot qualify for traditional mortgages. This is from some kind of issues they are having with their credit, income o r the down payment. What made these assets so risky is the interest rate could be reset higher. This increased the chances that a wave of foreclosures could hit the markets at the same time (from owners who could not afford the payments). To make matter worse, a number of banks had invested a large percentage of depositor funds into these securities. (Addo, 2010) (Elul, 2008) Once homeowners began to default, is when the credit market froze. This is because no one knew theShow MoreRelatedWholesale Funding, Bank Runs And Liquidity Freezes1592 Words   |  7 Pages Wholesale Funding, Bank Runs and Liquidity Freezes In the 2007/8 Financial Crisis Name Course Tutor University City/State Date Wholesale Funding, Bank Runs and Liquidity Freezes In the 2007/8 Financial Crisis Introduction Banks make loans which are not quickly sold at high price. 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Abortion A Controversial Ethical, Legal And Public...

Whether or not abortion should be restricted in the law is a controversial ethical, legal and public health issue that affects us all. While some countries have a legal restriction on abortion, Canada has no legal constraints: abortion is regulated and determined by the health act. Liberalization movements of abortion laws in Canada started in the 1960s by both feminist groups and the medical profession. This was found necessary to address the rise in mortality rates of pregnant women. A provincial chief coroners inquest into the deaths of women who received botched abortion revealed that this was a federal issue, and in 1968-69 a bill was introduced that removed the abortion ban, and made homosexuality and contraception legal. This was Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau’s famous statement comes in. The decision of abortion is left to the doctor and the woman, with no legal specifications to define when abortion care is determined necessary (i.e., to save a mother’s life or in the case of rape). It is a decision based on the physical and mental wellbeing of the women made with a medical professional. This subject was taught in detail in grade-11 history class. Abortion was not just a historical issue, but a living issue too. In my early teens, I remember political debates during the elections in the late 1980s: although the three parties had different views on the issue, neither created an actual platform for discussion or debate. 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This comprises two major forms of abortion: spontaneous, which is often referred to as a miscarriage or induced abortion, which is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy. The term is commonly used to refer to the induced abortion, and this is the abortion, which hasRead MoreControversial Policies : Abortion : A Controversial Issue1064 Words   |  5 PagesMohamed Beheiry Stundent ID: 100163591 English 1302 – fall semester 2016 Controversial Policies: Abortion Abortion is one of the most controversial topics in United States history. According to the Guttmacher Institute, since 1973, roughly 50 million legal induced abortions have been performed in the United States† (Guttmacher). 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Applying The Self Assessment Exercise - 848 Words

For one to establish a stress free life, one of the most important aspects one should pursue together is having a balanced healthy lifestyle. Paying attention to the level of changes in once life over a period of time requires a full attention and cooperation of the individual’s daily activity towards achieving this goal. As an individual , it is a priority to pay proper attention to my lifestyle by adopting a measuring scale that will help to determine my motivation ,emotion and the state of my stress level in my daily activity. By applying the self-assessment exercise, I was able to find out how the activities of the day affect my life. The assessment made me to realize that I was on an average level of stress. It shown that, the lifestyle I adopted, allows me the time to deal with stress in a controlled, non-aggressive way. Even though , I was surprised with the good result of the assessment , I sometimes felt overwhelmed with activities ,but I still try to find time t o calm down and get some rest by having a cup of water , taking a nap or taking a walk in the neighborhood. The assessment result gave me the motivation to keep doing the things I have adopted to help me when I feel stressed out with errands and home work. I understand that motivating myself will require being positive and ready to let go the things that border my life and be willing to speak out the good things I experienced in my life to the people that are more special in my lifeShow MoreRelatedThe And Situational Leadership Theory1513 Words   |  7 Pages1).My predominant leadership style, dependent upon this exercise, might have been taking an interest. Yes, this is reliable for the thing that I might have predicted ahead of time. The point when working in groups I feel it will be important to the fewer group leaders should welcome the information for different fewer group parts in the recent past settling on a choice that will influence the bunch. This will push cohesiveness for attempting towards the team’s objective and also hint at less groupRead MoreChapter 8- Philosophy Of Education Essay724 Words   |  3 Pagesimportance of transferring knowledge, information, and skills. One teacher-centered philosophy is Essentialism. Essentialism teaching the back to basic approach, which centers ‘building knowledge but also discipline, practical minds, capable of applying schoolhouse lesson to the real world’ (Sadker, D.M. 2013). Whereas, Perennialism is more centered around ‘books, ideas and concepts and criticize essentialism (Zittleman, K.R 2013). Perennialism education focuses on enduring themes and questionRead MoreTreatment Plan For Health Condition And Treatment1167 Words   |  5 Pagesare going to do about it Heart Health Condition Social worker is to begin by conducting a psychosocial assessment on the patient. Considering his noncompliance to adhering to his treatment, it is important to identify any psychological factors related to regimen adherence. The psychosocial assessment will help the multidisciplinary team understand the patient’s behavior. The clinical assessment should include any problems from the patient related to adjusting to his health condition and treatmentRead MoreEssay on Transtheoretical Model and Chronic Stress Management1537 Words   |  7 Pagesmodel suggests that people use different strategies, techniques or different amounts of each at different stages in their change process. 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Fine Arts Parent Child Relationship

Question: Discuss about theFine Artsfor Parent Child Relationship. Answer: Field of Research The Parent-Child Relationship The relationship between the children and their parents are suggesting the enduring and unique bonds. In order to understand the bonding between children and their parents, it is necessary to recognise the interaction between the parents and their children. The identification of the social, emotional, and physical bond will be fruitful enough in understanding the love of the parents (Benjamin 16). Many of theorists have developed diversified theories to explain such bonding and relationships, which create the significant impact on a childs mind. As per the theoretical perspectives presented by John Bowlby, it is noted that the successful parents need to work real hard. The attachment behaviour is a concern for individual irrespective of diversified ages. It represents the intensity of the emotions that invokes the relationship between the parents and their children. It is also noted if there is the perfect maintenance of such intensified relationship, both the parents and children ca n feel joy and security. On the contrary, if the relationship is threatened, there will be the occurrence of similar amount of anxiety, jealousy, and anger. If this is broken, it will reflect the grievances and depressions. Therefore, it can be indicated that the attachment behaviour is representing the high degree of experience (Bowlby 25). As per the theoretical observation, it is noted that parenting observes and describes the behavioural patterns. The different conditions have been changed when the children grow older. The different parenting styles determine the mental growth of the children. This theory is proven to be much beneficial to describe the intense relationship of the children with their parents that are creating impact on their lives. Parenting will be considered as the useful approach if it is compared to some extent of ethologically inspired viewpoint. The attachment behaviour is thus somewhat developing more intensity in the relationship between the children and parents. It simply defines that the ordinary events that create the experiences (Stroebe, Margaret and John 28). The theories presented by other artists are also defining that the parenthood is symbolised as the supports and educations that every child seeks from their family. It helps them in growing in a society. Moreover, the continuous encouragement can motivate them to take the right step in their careers. In most of the cases, it is noted that the relationships with mothers are usually pointed out. The motherly love is one of the basic needs of an infant. The attachments made with mother are something that every child seeks and it creates the similar impacts in the behavioural traits. Hence, it can be stated that the good parenting is supposed to be the most necessary aspect that is required for determining the growth of a child (Cavan 45). The developmental aspect of the children depends on the proper parenting style. The children can receive their proper behavioural education from their parents at the initial stage. Eventually, it becomes the driver of their future and career as well. References Benjamin, Jessica. "The bonds of love: Looking backward."Studies in Gender and Sexuality14.1 (2013): 1-15. Bowlby, John.A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. Basic Books, 2008. 19-25 Cavan, Sherri. "When Erving Goffman was a boy: the formative years of a sociological giant."Symbolic Interaction37.1 (2014): 41-70. Stroebe, Margaret S., and John Archer. "Origins of modern ideas on love and loss: Contrasting forerunners of attachment theory."Review of General Psychology17.1 (2013): 28.

The Problem of Assistance in Self

If the terminally ill parent focuses on his right and desire to die because the disease makes his life meaningless, it is possible to try to shift the parent’s attention from the quality-of-life perspective to the sanctity-of-life orientation in order to help him discuss the life as not meaningful or meaningless, but as the gift or a kind of blessing (Leming Dickinson, 2011, p. 262).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Problem of Assistance in Self-Deliverance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From this point, the child’s role in the parent’s self-deliverance should not be associated with any variant of euthanasia or assisted suicide. Thus, it is almost impossible for adult children to become willing to assist the parent in self-deliverance performed as a variant of the suicide. Those persons, who choose to focus on their right to die as one of the human rights, can be discussed as the followers of the quality-of-life perspective because stating that their life is not worth living, these persons concentrate on the quality of their daily feelings and sufferings (Leming Dickinson, 2011, p. 262). It is impossible for these persons to live a life full of sufferings because they cannot discuss this life as meaningful for them and for the society. The followers of such a philosophy could become the patients of Dr. Jack Kevorkian who assisted terminally ill patients in relieving their sufferings while committing the physician-assisted suicides (Murphy, 2011, p. 4). Kevorkian stated that he did not kill patients, but he performed the ‘suicide on demand’ which could relieve patients’ sufferings (Murphy, 2011, p. 4-5). The problem of the assisted suicide is closely associated with the problem of letting persons die. Nevertheless, the line between the acts of killing and letting die is subtle, and it is possible to state that the adult child who ass ists the parent in self-deliverance actually kills the terminally ill parent. The death becomes preferable to life when pain and sufferings cannot be born by people (Leming Dickinson, 2011, p. 262). The parent can focus on the death because of not seeing the perspectives in struggling any more.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is important to pay attention to the fact that the parent can assess his quality of life only subjectively, while focusing on the moments and aspects which are important for him. To discourage the parent’s actions and intentions, it is necessary to tell the parent about the perspectives which are seen for the others because everyone’s life has the significant quality, and it is necessary to look at the point from many perspectives (Leming Dickinson, 2011, p. 264). This approach can work, if the parent feels the love of his family, and he can see the chance to relieve the pain. The other approach is the necessary focus on the sanctity-of-life perspective which can contribute to changing the parent’s decision more than the focus on the quality-of-life approach. The parent should remember that his life and sufferings have the great meaning while discussing the life as the divine gift. A human has no rights to decide about the moment of his death because the person’s obligation is to concentrate on protecting and prolonging the life (Leming Dickinson, 2011, p. 262). The final stage of the process developed to discourage the parent’s actions and decision is the demonstration of the importance of the parent’s life for all the family because of the parent’s focus on the quality of his living. References Leming, M., Dickinson, G. (2011). Understanding dying, death, and bereavement. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Murphy, T. F. (2011). A philosophical obituary : Dr. Jack Kevorkian dead at 83 leaving end of life debate in the US forever changed. The American Journal of Bioethics, 11(7), 3-6.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Problem of Assistance in Self-Deliverance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This critical writing on The Problem of Assistance in Self-Deliverance was written and submitted by user Dark Wasp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dictatorship essays

Dictatorship essays In modern times, no dictator can take total power by force alone. In order to gain support, they must offer something beneficial to the people. Unfortunately what is thought to be beneficial can be extremely harmful and cruel. Three specific dictators during the World War II period were Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin. Joseph Stalin was the successor of Lenin after his death. He had only one goal and that was to finish what Lenin had started. Basically that was to build a classless society in which the means of production were in the hands of the people. After Stalin established power, he developed new goals to make the Soviet Union a leader in industry. He wanted to get rid of Russias backwardness. For this reason Stalin proposed several five year plans. These plans were aimed at improving industry and economic growth. He developed a command economy, which meant government made all economic decisions. Under Stalin, the government controlled all businesses. Stalin also took agriculture under control of the government. He forced people to give up their privately owned land and live on government-owned farms or on large farms that were owned and operated by groups, also known as collectives. The state set all prices and controlled access to farm supplies. (Comptons Encyclopedia, 1990, Joseph Sta lin S570) On July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler was introduced as Fuehrer of the Nazi Party. Fuehrer basically meant leader. By November 1923, the Nazis held approximately 55,000 followers and were the biggest and most powerful in Germany. The Nazi Party demanded action of Hitler. Hitler knew that he would lose his support if he didnt do something fast. So he and his party developed a plan to kidnap the leaders of the Bavarian government and force to accept Hitler as their leader. On November 9th, 1923 Hitler and his Nazis went to Munich and tried to take it over. At this point they were not powerful enough to ...

Report - Innovative team Management Plan Assignment

Report - Innovative team Management Plan - Assignment Example In addition, several global organizations focus on workplace diversity program to integrate the employees of different cultural background with the organizational culture and values. It is important for an organization to develop effective and improved workplace culture to maintain significant and hazard free business operations. Team Goals Leading organizations always try to develop effective team goals to meet organizational goals and objectives. (A) Specific team goals need to be developed by the leaders or managers as a significant part of team performance plan. Clear and shared team goals provide several advantages to the team performances. Effective team goals can help the managers to communicate with the team members about the specific role of the team. It can guide the team members in planning and development process. It helps the team members or employees within a small team to complete assigned tasks within a given period of time. Managers or leaders can easily evaluate the performance and outcome of a team work through these developed team goals. In addition, appropriate team goals can reduce the threat of group or team conflict within the workplace of an organization. (B) Several organizations implement various strategies to enhance creativity and innovation among the team within the workplace. Reward creativity, support creativity, workplace diversity and positive working environment are the four strategies that can enhance creativity and innovation among the team members. Effective reward distribution can motivate the skilled and talented employees to generate innovative ideas. It will help to complete the team project successfully. Support creativity strategy can help employees to take calculated risk in order to achieve significant project outcome. Workplace diversity will help to exchange different ideas among the employees. It can enhance the decision making process. Positive working environment can inspire the employees to perform well to ach ieve personal and professional objectives with greater flexibility. Innovation and Creativity Creativity is known as generation of several innovative ideas. On the other hand, innovation is the transformation of new ideas into a new organization, product, service or a process. (A) Several leading organizations are trying to differentiate their business operation through the implementation of innovative and creative business strategies. The demand for workplace creativity from the employees of an organization is rising in this age of technological revolution. Innovative leadership style can help an organization to change and implement new ideas and strategies in the workplace (Grivas and Puccio, 2011, p.123). Creative thinking and innovation are useful during the strategic planning process. Effective workplace diversity, work distribution and significant reward system are some examples of innovative and creative leadership style. (B) Several leading organizations are trying to implem ent new innovative management strategies in the workplace to achieve successful project output. Innovation teams, linking innovation with operation processes, and anonymity & confidentiality are

Bullfighting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bullfighting - Essay Example After that the local public took it as a sport and since they could not afford it, they started bullfighting on bulls and the tradition still continues. Bullfights or corrida takes place in the presence of the president and the local audience in Spain. First of all the paseillo happens in which all the participants of the bullfight introduce themselves. Two participants called alguacilillos enter the ring and ask for keys to the gate behind which are the bulls. The doors are called puerta de los toriles. When the bulls come out the main show starts. The bullfights takes place in three parts called tercios. In the first part, the bull's ability to move his head is hampered by lances used by two picadors who are riding on blindfolded horses. In the second part, three people called banderilleros make the bull chase them around and use sharp colored sticks called banderillas and stab it in the body of the bull, specifically his back. Finally the third and the last part includes the killing of the bull by the matador. In my view, this is a very cruel sport and a symbol of inhuman behavior. Usually in this sport, the bulls are made weak by putting sand bags in their backs. They are also made weak by drugging the animal or to cut the horn of the bull which hamper coordination. Sometimes the weak and placid bulls are selected for the fight so that the win is easy. The game is not only cruel for the bull, but there are other victims as well.

Blastocystis Hominis and Colorectal Cancer

Blastocystis Hominis and Colorectal Cancer Blastocystis hominis (B.hominis) is the most common unicellular protozoan parasite that is found in the human gastrointestinal tract (Windsor et al. 2002). The prevalence of B. hominis in both developed and developing countries is reported to be up to 10% and 50% respectively (Wong et al. 2008; Stenzel and Boreham. 1996). On the other hand, B. hominis shows a diverse morphologies which include vacuolar, granular, amoeboid and cyst forms (Zierdt. 1988). Furthermore, B. hominis isolates from human and animals have been reported to exhibit an extensive genetic and karyotypic heterogeneity (Parkar et al. 2010; Stensvold et al. 2009; Tan et al. 2009; Dogruman-Al et al. 2009; Abe. 2004; Yoshikawa et al. 2004). Although many researchers have attempted to identify the pathogenesis of B. hominis in human hosts, however the pathogenic potential of B. hominis has remained controversial as it is present in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individual (Tan. 2008; Garcia. 2007; Tan et al. 2002). The gastrointestinal symptoms that are associated with B. hominis infection include diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia, flatulence, abdominal discomfort and other associated non-specific symptoms. To date, experiments have shown that rats that are inoculated with human B. hominis isolate have demonstrated an elevation in oxidative damage (Chandramathi et al. 2009). Many studies have been done on the genetic and molecular characterization of B. hominis isolates derived from human as well as animal. Recent molecular characterization of Blastocystis isolates suggested that there are 13 subtypes (ST1-ST13) which have been isolated from mammalian, reptilian, avian and amphibian hosts (U. Parkar et al. 2010; Stensvold et al. 2007a; Noà «l et al. 2005, 2003; Yoshikawa et al. 2004b). Recently, many studies have been done to determine the pathogenic potential of different Blastocystis subtypes in human hosts by genotypic analysis as well as molecular characterization of B. hominis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals (Dominguez-Mà ¡rquez et al. 2009; Eroglu et al. 2009; Jones et al. 2009; Hussein et al. 2008; Tan et al. 2008). Nevertheless, only limited numbers of studies have shown correlation between the different B. hominis subtypes on the pathogenesis in human hosts (Hussein et al. 2008). Infectious agents such as bacteria, virus and parasites, often have an oncogenic potential. The International Agency on Research of Cancer (IARC) has estimated that 16% of cancer worldwide is caused by infection, including parasites. However, there has been no research done on the association between B. hominis infection and colorectal cancer. A recent study has suggested that B. hominis may possess the ability to induce the growth of colorectal cancer cell lines by inhibiting the apoptotic effect of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the antigens that are isolated from B. hominis were postulated to be able to promote the proliferation of cancer cells via down-regulation of host immune cellular responses (Chandramathi et al. 2010). In general, inflammation is activated by a variety of stimuli such as trauma, bacterial/viral/parasitic infections, endotoxemia and heating (Ley, 2001; Hart, 2002). Inflammation caused by infectious agents such as parasites will cause an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide as a consequence of cell mediated phagocyte dependent immune response (Rosen et al. 1995). A persistent and chronic inflammatory response can be detrimental to human host as it can produce a chronic damage by releasing a variety of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines which then leads to mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative disorder, inflammatory bowel syndrome and atherosclerosis (Kà ¼hn et al. 1993; Perry et al. 1998; Ludewig et al. 2002; Shacter et al. 2002). Several studies have shown correlation between the inflammation that is caused by infectious agents such as parasites and the development of cancer in huma n (Fitzpatrick. 2001). Thus, it is important for us to evaluate the immunomodulation, cytopathic and cellular cytokines responses as a result of B. hominis infection especially in colorectal carcinomas. Since B. hominis is often present in most stool cultures, it is pertinent to investigate the association between B. hominis infection and the development of colorectal cancer in the gastrointestinal tract of infected host system. B. hominis isolated from an asymptomatic individual could facilitate the proliferation and growth of cancer cells and has the potential to down-regulate the host immune response (Chandramathi et al. 2010). However, only limited numbers of studies have shown the cytopathic effects and cellular cytokine responses of Blastocystis hominis infection (Puthia et al. 2008; Long et al. 2001; Walderich et al. 1998). These studies only investigated on Interleukin 8 and Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) which are pro-inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that B. hominis infection in human host system has a potential carcinogenic effect and could influence the growth of colorectal cancer cells especially in colorectal cancer patients and that the B. hominis subtypes may exert varying degree of pathogenecity. Therefore, in this study, the differences between the effects of solubilized antigen of B. hominis from both symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates on the cell viability in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, which represent the immune cells) as well as colorectal cancer cell line was evaluated. Besides that, the gene expression of cytokine, apoptotic mediators, and nuclear transcriptional factors in response to the symptomatic and asymptomatic B. hominis antigen in both PBMCs and colorectal cancer cell was compared. The knowledge and understanding in the association between Blastocystis hominis infection and colorectal cancer as well as the role of various cytokines involved in the tumour progression may provide an insight into prevention and/or development of new immune-therapeutical strategies to combat colorectal cancer. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the present study are:- To study the effects of solubilized antigen of B. hominis from symptomatic and asymptomatic individual isolates on viability of both the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, which represent the normal immune cells) as well as colorectal cancer cells (HCT 116, colorectal cancer cell line). To investigate the gene expression of cytokine, transcriptional factors and apoptotic mediators such as interleukin 6, interleukin 8, tumour necrosis factor-ÃŽ ±, interferon gamma, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells, cathepsin B, transforming growth factor-ÃŽ ², and protein 53 upon exposure to B. hominis antigen in both the PBMCs and colorectal cancer cells MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample collection and axenization of Blastocystis hominis B. hominis was isolated from stool samples of symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individuals. The B. hominis cysts were then isolated from feacal sample using the Ficoll-Paque Technique according to Zaman and Khan (1994). The harvested cysts of B. hominis from both the symptomatic and asymptomatic individual isolates were washed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The washed harvested cysts were cultured in Jones medium, supplemented with 10% of heat-inactivated horse serum and incubated at 37 °C in CO2 incubator (Suresh and Smith. 2004). Axenization was conducted after the isolates have been incubated for 2 to 3 days. Isolation of solubilized antigen from symptomatic and asymptomatic cultures The axenic B. hominis species were collected using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation method and the harvested parasites were resuspended in basal Jones medium without the addition of heat-inactivated horse serum. Then, the harvested organisms were lysed by sonication method and the homogenate was incubated at 4 °C, overnight. The homogenate was centrifuged at 13000xg for 15 minutes at 4 °C after the overnight incubation. The supernatant which contains the solubilized antigen of B. hominis was filter-sterilized and the protein concentration of the antigen was determined using Bradford assay (Bio-Rad, USA). Subtyping of Blastocystis isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic cultures Genomic DNA Extraction: The genomic DNA of symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates of Blastocystis hominis were extracted from the 3 to 4 days old culture with QIAmp DNA stool mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturers protocol. DNA Purity and Concentration: The genomic DNA yields were estimated using measurement of absorbance at 260nm and 280nm using a spectrophotometer. The ratio of absorbance at 260nm to 280nm determines the purity of the genomic DNA yielded. According to the manufacturers protocol, the ratio of 1.7-1.9 indicates that the DNA yields are pure. PCR Typing by STS Primers: The genotype of B. hominis was determined by using PCR amplification with subtype-specific sequence tagged site (STS) primers (SB83, SB155, SB227, SB332, SB340, SB336, and SB337). The PCR reaction mixtures (20  µl of total volume) consisted of PCR buffer, 2.5 U/ µl of Taq DNA polymerase (Fermantas, SB38), 1.5 mM MgCl2, 1.25  µM of dNTPs (Fermantas, RO191), 0.5 pmol of forward primer, 0.5 pmol of reverse primer, and 1.0  µl of the DNA samples. In addition, the PCR conditions were set as follows: one cycle denaturing at 94 °C for 3 min, 30 cycles including denaturing at 94 °C for 30 seconds, annealing at 56.3 °C for 30 seconds, extending at 72 °C for 60 s, , and additional cycle with a 10 min chain elongation at 72 °C. The PCR products obtained were then electrophoresed in 1.5% agarose gel with 1X Tris-boric-EDTA (TBE) buffer. The fragments of the DNA were visualized using UV illuminator under UV light. The fragment sizes of the genomic DNA were confirmed with bands of a DNA ladder (50-1,000 bp DNA markers, Fermentas). Cultivation and collection of HCT116 Human colorectal carcinoma cell line, HCT116, was cultured in 25 cm ³ culture flask containing 5 ml of RPMI 1640 growth medium, supplemented with 5% of FBS, 2mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin-streptomycin, and 2.5 ÃŽ ¼g/ml fungizone. The HCT116 cell line was then incubated in a CO2 incubator set at 100% humidity, atmosphere containing 5% of CO2 and a temperature of 37 °C. Prior to the introduction of antigen from Blastocystis hominis isolates, the cells were harvested from the substratum of the culture flask by using 0.25% trypsin-EDTA. The harvested cells were then washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) thrice and resuspended in RPMI 1640 growth medium before introducing the solubilized antigen of Blastocystis hominis from symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates. Isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) PBMCs were collected from fresh human blood sample (12 ml) in sterile EDTA tubes. The PBMCs were then isolated from the blood sample by using Histopaque ®-1077 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) according to the density gradient centrifugation method (Boyum. 1974). The isolated PBMCs were then washed with PBS thrice and resuspended in 5 ml of RPMI 1640 growth medium, supplemented with 10% of FBS, 2mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin-streptomycin, and 2.5 ÃŽ ¼g/ml fungizone in a 25 cm ³ culture flask prior to the introduction of solubilized antigen of Blastocystis hominis isolates. Introduction of the solubilized symptomatic and asymptomatic derived Blasto antigen into PBMCs and colorectal cancer cell line, HCT116 Harvested HCT116 cells (1 x 103 cells per well) in 100 ÃŽ ¼l of RPMI growth medium with 5% FBS and freshly isolated PBMCs (5 x 104 cells per well) in 100 ÃŽ ¼l of RPMI growth medium with 10% FBS were seeded into 96 well plates. After the overnight incubation in a CO2 incubator containing 5% CO2 at 37 °C, Blasto-antigen of B. hominis from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals at final concentration ranging from 0.001 to 10ÃŽ ¼g/ml was added to each well containing the PBMCs and HCT116 cells and were further incubated for 48 hours. Then, the cell proliferation/viability was measured using the MTT assay (Mosmann. 1983). Quantitative Real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rtRT-PCR) Concentration of symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-antigen that yields the optimal proliferation and inhibition in the preliminary tests (MTT assay) was used to introduce into each culture flask containing PBMCs and HCT 116 cells respectively. For controls, PBS was introduced into both types of cells. After 48 hours of incubation, the RNA was isolated from the PBMCs and HCT 116 cells using Ambion RNAqueous Micro Kit (Ambion, CA, USA). The purified RNA obtained was then used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) using High-Capacity RNA-to-cDNA kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) by the PCR method. Finally, Real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis was performed using inventoried primers (TaqMan ® Gene Expression Assays, Applied Biosystems). In this study, the genes of interest were IL-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ÃŽ ±), nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ÃŽ ºB), interferon gamma (IFN-ÃŽ ³), protein 53 (p53), transforming growth factor be ta (TGF-ÃŽ ²), and cathepsin B (CTSB). The PCR reaction will be prepared according to the protocol that is generated by StepOneTM Software v2.0. Statistical Analysis In order to analyze the real-time RT-PCR gene expressions, the à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT value of the treated samples with symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-antigen was compared against the non-treated sample (control with PBS) using the Students t test. A P value of 0.05 was considered to be the minimum threshold of significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In the present study, the symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates were genotyped by PCR amplification using the well-known seven sets of STS primers. The extracted DNA of symptomatic isolate showed positive amplification with SB83 and thus determined as subtype 1 (Yoshikawa et al. 2004). Nevertheless, the extracted DNA of asymptomatic isolate did not show any positive amplification with all the seven sets of STS primers that was used in this study. Hence, it is postulated that the asymptomatic isolate may be subtype 8 to 13 which was not amplified by the STS primers used in this study (Dominguez-Mà ¡rquez et al. 2009; Eroglu et al. 2009; Jones et al. 2009; Hussein et al. 2008; Tan et al. 2008). Molecular phylogenetic analysis need to be carried out in order to further characterized the subtype of asymptomatic isolate used in this study (Noel et al. 2005; Stensvold et al. 2007; Yoshikawa et al. 2007). In this study, the Blasto-Ag isolated from both symptomatic as well as asymptomatic isolates have caused an inhibition of PBMC cells proliferation which leads to the speculation that the Blasto-Ag may have caused apoptosis in the immune cells to prevent the propagation of immune cells to combat with the Blastocystis infection. The symptomatic isolate has caused a greater inhibition of PBMCs as compare to asymptomatic isolates. However, the Blasto-Ag mediated PBMCs cell inhibition is contrast to our previous report (Chandramathi et al. 2010). Our previous study showed that Blasto-Ag caused stimulation of PBMCs cell proliferation (Chandramathi et al. 2010). However, the molecular genotyping of the B. hominis isolates used in that study was not carried out. Past studies have reported that there may be a correlation between different B. hominis subtypes on the pathogenesis in human hosts (Dominguez-Mà ¡rquez et al. 2009; Eroglu et al. 2009; Jones et al. 2009; Hussein et al. 2008; Tan et al. 2008). This contrasting result observed in the cell viability of PBMCs may suggest the different subtypes of B. hominis may give different effects on the immune cells. Hence, further investigation is required to investigate the potential pathogenesis of different B. hominis subtypes. In the current study, increase in cell proliferation has been observed in colorectal carcinoma cell line, HCT116 cells upon exposure to antigen from symptomatic as well as asymptomatic isolates. HCT116 cells have shown significantly higher increase in cell proliferation stimulated by symptomatic Blasto-Ag as compared to asymptomatic antigen. The increase in the cell proliferation may further suggest that Blastocystis infection could facilitate the growth of colorectal cancer cells (Chandramathi et al. 2010). It is evident from the present study that symptomatic Blasto-Ag is more pathogenic as compared to asymptomatic Blasto-Ag. Hence, it may be essential to treat the Blastocystis infection in symptomatic colorectal cancer patients for better prognosis. On the other hand, a diverse pattern of cytokine, nuclear transcription factor as well as apoptotic gene expressions were observed upon the stimulation of HCT116 cells and PBMCs by symptomatic and asymptomatic derived Blasto-Ag. In the present study a noticeable up-regulation of Th1 (IFN-ÃŽ ³ and TNF-ÃŽ ±) and Th2 (IL6, IL8 and TGF-ÃŽ ²) cytokines was observed in HCT116 following exposure to symptomatic Blasto-Ag may lead to the speculation that B. hominis has activated the cellular and humoral immune responses in clearing the Blastocystis infection. This is accordance to the previous study that extracellular parasites such as B. hominis would be more effective in counteracted by a combination of Th1 and Th2 cytokines (Daugelat et al. 1996). Nevertheless, a more significant up-regulation of Th2 cytokines as compared to Th1 cytokines observed in HCT116 upon exposure to symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-Ag may lead to the postulation that symptomatic Blasto-Ag may resulting in a Th2- dominated responses and has the potential in weakening the cellular immune response, allowing the progression and growth of an existing tumour cells. On the other hand, HCT116 exposed to symptomatic Blasto-Ag has resulted in a more noticeable up-regulation of Th2 cytokines then asymptomatic Blasto-Ag which may lead to the speculation that asymptomatic Blasto-Ag is less pathogenic than symptomatic derived Blasto-Ag. Furthermore, the up-regulation of TGF-ÃŽ ² in the colorectal cancer cells has the potential role of anti-inflammatory and resulting in host immunosuppression by inhibiting the cell mediated immune responses against the tumour cells (Zou, 2005; Seruga et al. 2008). In addition, it is widely-accepted that humoral immunity is activated by extracellular microbes such as bacteria (Romagnani, 1996). B. hominis, being an extracellular allergen, has triggered the activation of host humoral immune responses which is evident by the significant up-regulation of Th2 cytokines in the PBMCs upon exposure to symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-Ag. Moreover, this results can be supported by the recent finding which shown an elevation of IL6 and IL8 level in the monocytes of healthy volunteers exposed to Leishmania infection (Menezes et al. 2008). In spite of that, an interesting finding has been observed in PBMCs stimulated by symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-Ag, besides activating the humoral immune responses, PBMCs exposed by Blasto-Ag has also triggered the activation of cellular mediated immune response characterized by Th1 cytokines. As described earlier, extracellular parasites may be more effective counteracted by a combination of Th1 and Th2 cytoki nes mediated immune responses (Daugelat et al. 1996). However, the activation of cellular mediated immune responses which is reflected by a significant up-regulation of TNF-ÃŽ ± and IFN-ÃŽ ³ may lead to the speculation that Blasto-Ag isolated from symptomatic as well as asymptomatic individual has the ability in causing extensive inflammatory damage in the host tissue as a result of macrophage mediated responses towards the parasitic infections. In addition, an up-regulation of NF-ÃŽ ºB and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and IL8 was observed in HCT116 stimulated by symptomatic Blasto-Ag. Furthermore, these findings were also observed in PBMCs stimulated by symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-Ag. Nevertheless, HCT116 exposed to asymptomatic Blasto-Ag has exhibited an insignificant down-regulation of NF-à Ã‚ ºB gene expression which then leads to a significant lower expression in IL6 and IL8 as compared to HCT116 stimulated by symptomatic Blasto-Ag. Although the previous reports by Chandramathi et al. 2010 has stated the potential role of asymptomatic Blasto-Ag in causing the up-regulation of NF-à Ã‚ ºB and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL6 and IL8, however, the similar trend was not observed in the current study. As described earlier, different Blastocystis subtypes may have different effects on HCT116 cells as well as causing different gene expression profile in HCT116. To further characterize the gene expression profiles a s well as pathogenic potential of each subtype on HCT116 and PBMCs, more samples on different subtypes need to be recruited for the future study. Apart from this, NF-à Ã‚ ºB is also related to the apoptotic mediator genes namely p53 and CTSB. NF-à Ã‚ ºB has been postulated to play a role in inhibiting the apoptosis; hence it is hypothesized that the down-regulation of NF-à Ã‚ ºB gene expression will lead to the up-regulation of p53 and vice versa (Baldwin, 2001; Chwieralski et al. 2006). Although the recent study has suggested that CTSB may contribute to the cell apoptosis, however the studies have only reported on CTSB-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells as well as hepatocytes apoptosis in fulminant hepatic failure (Sandes et al, 2007; Yan et al. 2009). Nevertheless, the possibility of CTSB participation in the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells has not been investigated. Moreover, there are a number of studies have shown that over expression of CTSB mRNA and elevation of its protein activity have been associated with the invasive and metastasis properties of various cancers (Campo et al. 1994; Yan et al, 1998; Hirai et al. 1999; Sanjeeva et al. 2001). The similar findings were observed in the current study where the HCT116 cells stimulated by symptomatic as well as asymptomatic Blasto-Ag have caused a significant up-regulation of CTSB. The over expression of CTSB in HCT116 cells stimulated by symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-Ag may implicate the potential of Blasto-Ag in causing the invasive and metastasis of colorectal cancer (Campo et al. 1994; Yan et al. 1998; Dora et al. 2003). In the present study, the insignificant down-regulation of p53 gene expressions observed in PBMCs may indicates that the symptomatic and asymptomatic Blasto-Ag may have prevented the PBMC cells to undergo the apoptosis process. The observation of p53 gene expressions obtained was contrary to the expectation. This may be due to the latent effects of the host immunity to down-regulate the apoptotic mediator gene in order to combat with the invasive B. hominis as well as to prevent persistent inflammation which can lead to carcinogenesis. Although the down-regulation pattern was observed, it does not causing a significant effect (0.95 and 0.96 fold decrease respectively). In contrast to PBMCs, stimulation of symptomatic Blasto-Ag in HCT116 has insignificantly down-regulated the gene expressions of p53. The insignificant down-regulation observed in HCT116 stimulated by symptomatic Blasto-Ag may be explained that it could be the reason that HCT116 cells to have low level of NF-à Ã‚ ºB gene expression level (1.34 fold increase). Nevertheless, the down-regulation observed may further suggest that symptomatic Blasto-Ag may has enhance the proliferation and progression of existing tumour besides causing an extensive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, an interesting finding was observed in HCT116 exposed to asymptomatic Blasto-Ag, instead of causing down-regulation of p53 gene expression, asymptomatic Blasto-Ag has caused an up-regulation of p53 (1.09 fold increase) in HCT116. The findings and observations obtained from the current study are still far to characterize the mechanism of the potential pathogenic role of B. hominis in PBMCs as well as HCT116 cells. However, the current study was able to give an overview of the potential pathogenesis of symptomatic and asymptomatic derived Blasto-Ag in HCT116 and PBMCs. Moreover, the findings also suggest that symptomatic derived Blasto-Ag is more pathogenic as compare to asymptomatic Blasto-Ag. More studies still need to be done on the association of this emerging parasite on the association with the colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION The MTT cell proliferative assay and gene expression profile in this study has shown that the solubilized antigen isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, at a particular concentration, could facilitate the proliferation and growth of colorectal carcinoma while having the ability to induce apoptosis on PBMCs immune cells. Moreover, the cell proliferative assay also successfully reported that antigen isolated from symptomatic individual is more pathogenic as compare to asymptomatic isolates, as it causes a significantly higher increase in cell proliferation of HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cell lines and a significantly higher increase in inhibition of PBMCs immune cells. Moreover, symptomatic isolate of B. hominis has exhibited a more evident increase in the gene expression of Th1 and Th2 cyokines. Hence, there is a vital need to screen colorectal cancer patients for B. hominis infection.

Child Observation Essay -- Child Development Project

Leroy is a 2nd grade African American student at Martin Luther King Elementary School. He is 8 years old and lives with his mother and two older brothers. His favorite school subject is math. He likes to play video games and basketball, especially when he is playing with his friends. Leroy’s favorite holiday is Christmas, for he gets to visit his grandma and enjoy all the delicious foods that his mom and grandma cook. When asked where would he go if he can go anywhere, he responded with Skate Park. He likes to skate around the park with his brothers. Leroy wishes to be like his older brother when he grows up. Leroy is a competitive student even among his friends. He likes to read at the same table as his friends or in the same room with them. When his friends are present, Leroy is more cooperative. He follows instructions, and he puts more effort into his readings. He wants to perform better than his friends; however, once he begins to struggle, Leroy loses his motivation to succeed in the task. According to Svinicki (2005), Leroy’s behavior and attitudes portray a student with a performance goal. To be more specific, a student with a performance approach goal, for Leroy’s main interest is to appear competent. The main reasons for the effort he puts in are to surpass his peers in order to receive recognition and attention. After determining Leroy’s goal orientation, my goal was to encourage him to shift from performance approach goal to achievement goal. I believe shifting Leroy’s goal orientation will benefit Leroy in numerous ways. He will be intrinsically motivated to read, which will increase his engagement in the reading games that we perform together. When he is engaged in learning the contents for himself, h... ...uring challenging tasks. In order to encourage Leroy to shift his goal orientation from performance approach goal to mastery goal, a variety of supports may need to be provided. Leroy needs to learn in an environment that minimizes competition and supports failures as learning opportunities. He needs to witness his accomplishments and recognizes that it is his effort and not ability or inability that resulted in his success. It may take some time for Leroy to shift his goal orientation from a performance approach to an achievement goal, but I believe with the right support and encouragement, Leroy will be able to develop a mastery goal. Works Cited Dweck, C.S. (2007). The perils and promises of praise. Educational Leadership, 65(2), 34-39. Svinicki, M. (2005, February). Student goal orientation, motivation, and learning. Idea paper #41, Idea Center.

Interpretations of American History Essay

There has been a notable change in the American History from the last 400 years until now. At the beginning the American History the subjects that the historians interpreted were politics, diplomacy and war. The only people who could do the interpreting were only white male Americans. The contemporary American historians wrote nearly about everything that affected everybody. This times were very different from what they are now, when you read history, you are reading the historian’s point of view or encounter with the world. The historians were fully dedicated to this, they spend hours, days, years of their life’s to prove the reality comes away. They were characterized by nationality or their school of thought. The historians can be Jeffersonian liberal, nationalist, progressive, feminist or postmodernist; for example, Perry Miller in the twentieth century American liberalism, Kenneth Stampp’s was engaged with the civil rights movement, Kathryn Sklar’s ideas were feminist (p. 72). In those times everything was like they African American people couldn’t be historians, because they only accepted white male Americans, also they were male chauvinist, women couldn’t be historians and not only that, they were excluded from everything, they didn’t have the right to vote, to be in the politics, work, they Jimenez 2 could not do anything. History is successful when it tells you how things where, the only thing that could take you there was the imagination, but now, with all the technology that we have, we even can make a picture or a sketch of how the things were. basing on the things that had been found also. One of the things that the historians did, they constantly criticize, correct and supplement other historian point of view, they get closer to the truth arguing with one another. Historiography reminds you that history is not a closed book, is a reminder that there is always something to argue in history, it make us think or see what was before everything, the changes that have been in the growth of America, politics changes, racial justice, sex, differences in the society, education, labor. There has been a notorious change or evolution on how America has change. There are four stages in which the writing of American history has passed: the providential, the rationalist, the nationalist and the professional. The providential history in the United States from the seventeenth and eighteenth, ministers and magistrates and wrote a made of form of providential history. The puritans who settled in the United States believed that they were chosen by god that led to the form of their history to a holy chronicle one. Puritans used this form of writing for all men anybody that believed in god. The rationalism, they were very different with the providential because they didn’t believed that they were only chosen by god, they believed that opinions or actions should act on reason and knowledge not on their religious belief. They were ruled by the natural law was the idea of Newton, Locke, and the French philosophers (p. 75). The rationalist Jimenez 3 historians were the educated class in the colonies, the new story they told was of progress and reason. most of the historians of the eighteenth century were layer-politicians, planter-aristocrats, merchants or professionals. Tomas Jefferson was influenced by this movement and later on write a book named Notes on the State of Virginia in 1785. This book allow to men to discover and pursue their destiny and believed that they were free. After that, no one was free from slavery. This proves that the history during the rationalism the politicians only tells you what you want to hear, like right now it happens the same, everything was and is only about wealth, power, rights. In nationalist history changed the fact that in this stage the women contributed and argue in theirs perspectives or points of view. historians of women rewrote the story of America from the beginning to the recent past. They did not give women a place in the existing narratives, they just reconceived whole fields of history. An example of the women historians were Hanna Adams, Susanna Rowson, Elizabeth Peabody, and Emma Willard (p. 76) The professional historians started by the middles class that became educated through college or university which became commonly to only white males. History became a profession and the only way to access was to practice it and be at a advanced level in the subject. Their high opinion on distinguish scientifically and prove the truth from a romantic notion. In this time we can see through what has passed American History and learned about the different changes that our history has had, and also this has help to have America Jimenez 4 how is it now. Right now we see the thing different, for example, women can vote, women can do a lot more things that they couldn’t in the past, there is no slavery, everyone is free and follow their dreams and conquer their goals and that’s a big change.

The Legality of Military Intervention in Syria - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2249 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? It is not about taking sides in the Syrian conflict, not about invading, not about regime change or working closely with the opposition, but it is about the large scale use of chemical weapons and our response to war crime, nothing else, said the Prime Minister David Cameron in a debate held in the parliament regarding military intervention in Syria.[1] The prime minister announced for military intervention in Syria following a suspected chemical weapons attack in the suburbs of the capital Damascus on 21st of August 2013, where an enormous number of people have died. Even though US and UK holds Assad government responsible, the rebels were blamed, denying the accusation.[2] Syria is a member of the 1925 Geneva Gas protocol, which restricts the use in war of asphyxiating toxic gases and liquids, materials or devices.[3] Under international humanitarian law, using chemical weapons are prohibited not only in international armed conflicts but also in civil wars l ike the current crisis in Syria.[4] This is established in the Tadic case[5][6], where the ICTY declared the prohibition of chemical weapons in internal warfare.[7] Under the 2001 report of ICISS, the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) establishes that it is suitable for military intervention when its main motive is to stop human suffering and if believed that lesser non-military measures would not have succeeded.[8] Following the large scale loss of lives, property and effects of the chemical attack; as the UN secretary general Ban Ki-Moon said, most significant confirmed use of chemical weapons against civilians since Saddam Hussein used them in Halabja in 1988[9], the prime minister decided on military intervention. The UK has a partially written, uncodified constitution built on common law, case law, historical documents, Acts of parliament and European legislation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Legality of Military Intervention in Syria" essay for you Create order Its quality of being flexible makes it simply amendable by passing an Act of parliament and no special procedure being followed, adapting to new circumstances easily.[10] It is also of a monarchial background where the queen is the head of the state and reigns according to the constitution. These are known as the powers of royal prerogative. However, the political powers that have been consumed by her, is now diminishing as it is her majestys government which makes decisions and execute real executive power on behalf of her.[11] The judiciary, legislature, and the executive acts as a watchdog over the operations of each other. The judiciary controls the exercise of power by the state through the procedure of judicial review. The Human Rights Act 1998 notably increased the power of the judiciary to control the functioning of the parliament and the executive, sustaining Montesquieus classical exposure to the concept of separation of powers. The case of A and X and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2004)[12] illustrates the pressure between the roles of the judiciary, parliament and the executive.[13] The role of the executive is to implement policies and enact laws. Parliament is the most supreme legislative authority which makes new laws, termed as legislature.[14] Under a written constitution, the constitution is considered to be supreme as interpreted by the Supreme Court. However under the constitution of UK; being unwritten, the highest form of law is considered to be Acts passed by the parliament. According to Diceys view, all law-making powers are derived, not from a constitutional document, but from the sovereignty of the legislature, which is the parliament. He further stated that no person or body is recognized by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of parliament. The validity of an Act of parliament can never be questioned, and in the case of Pickin v British Railways Board (1974)[15], Lord Reid said that, even though in the past, many lawyers seemed to believe that an Act of parliament could be disregarded, since the supremacy of the parliament was finally demonstrated by the revolution of 1688, any such idea has become obsolete. The doctrine of implied repeal states that a parliament may legislate on any matter, that no parliament may be bound by a previous or a further parliament and that the validity of an Act of parliament cannot be challenged as established in cases, Vauxhall Estates Ltd v Liverpool Cooperation (1932)[16] and Ellen Street Estates Ltd v Minister of Health (1934)[17], Blackburn v Attorney General [1971][18].[19] A recent discussion was raised about this viewpoint in the UK Supreme Court Blog and it said that, under no circumstances can the UK Supreme Court strike down legislation put forward by the UK parliament.[20] With the effect of parliamentary sovereignty, following the decision of military intervention in Syria, the prime minister wh o is a member of the executive, put it to a vote in the parliament. The UK is a rainbow nation with a variety of cultures and ethnic groups making up its population and the parliament is the representative of all these parties. Hence David Cameron consulted the opinion of all those multiracial people including ethnic minorities regarding military action against Syria, by holding a vote in the parliament in a participatory approach democratically. However, the results showed that British parliament ministers dismissed UKs involvement in US- led military action against Syria. The prime minister David Camerons decision regarding military intervention was rejected by 285 272 votes compelling UK to keep itself away from any joint military action, even though he is still in favour of it.[21] The labour leader Ed Miliband commented that the House of Commons had spoken for the people of Britain and that the people are deeply concerned about the chemical weapons attacks in Syria, but they want us to learn the lessons of Iraq, and that they dont want a rush to war. They want things done in the right way, working with the international community. [22] The prime minister responded during a debate in the parliament, I am deeply mindful of the lessons of previous conflicts and in particular, deep concerns in the country caused by what went wrong with the Iraq conflict in 2003. He further claimed that the difference with the Iraq war in 2003 was expanding that, back then Europe and NATO was split over what actions to be taken, but now they have agreed with the view that use of chemical weapons must not be allowed. Further, the Arab league had disagreed to act back then, but now they call for it, holding the Syrian government at fault and requesting the international community to act against them.[23] In a survey that was conducted regarding this matter, 60% of the British public opposed UK military action against Syria. When the public were asked that, with UKs involve ment in conflicts such as Libya, Afghanistan and Iraq, whether they have been made more or less supportive in UK intervening in countries and conflicts abroad, majority were less supportive. Further, it was found that the suggestion made by the majority regarding what action should be taken against the Syrian regime, by both UK and the international community, was that greater diplomatic pressure be put on the Syrian regime by means of economic sanctions. This reflects peoples participation in administrative decisions taken by the executive, making them well representative of the society.[24] The Defense Secretary, Philip Hammond declared that he and the prime minister were discontented with the result claiming that it would cause damage UKs special relationship with USA. However, Mr. Miliband responded saying that the relationship would remain strong even with the vote, and also that Britain must work in its national interest, even if it is to do with something different to Amer ica.[25] Nevertheless, the prime minister by all means has the power to declare war against Syria, by powers of royal prerogative, in the name of the queen. Back in 2003, despite failing the vote in the House of Commons, Tony Blair waged war against Iraq by using the prerogative powers on behalf of the queen. The Green paper called governance of Britain focuses on prerogative powers exercised by ministers, mostly regarding the conduct of foreign affairs like deploying and using the Armed Forces overseas, making and ratifying treaties. The decision to use the armed forces overseas does not need any approval or confirmation by parliament and may be taken by the Government. Such decisions are usually beyond the reach of judicial review, even if the circumstance is that the deployment would be opposing international law. After the GCHQ case[26], the courts have approved over some exercises of the prerogative, though making it clear at the same time that other matters remained beyond their jurisdiction.[27] Moreover, the prime minister claimed, The well of public opinion was well and truly poisoned by the Iraq episode[28]. Labour leader Ed Miliband stated however that Britain doesnt need reckless and impulsive leadership, it needs calm and measured leadership.[29] Furthermore, According to R2P, the country and the international community have the responsibility to rebuild in the aftermath of destruction caused by the war, by means of providing assistance with recovery, reconstruction and reconciliation as well as lookup to address the causes of the conflict.[30] Mr. Cameron announced at the G20 summit that the UK would give aids worth additional  £52m ($80m) for Syria much of it for medical training and equipment to help victims targeted by chemical attacks.[31] This will bring the UKs total expenditure on aid for Syria and neighboring states to  £400m.[32] Nevertheless, there can be nothing worse than the loss of lives, which will be a consequence if Britain rushes into war. As a matter of fact, even if the Syrian regime uses chemical weapons against the countries that intervene in military action or not, it is anyway going to result in bloodshed, not only of their civilians but also of the armed forces of the international community. Also when the Britains defense budget is spent for military action, it will have a direct impact on spending for domestic services such as health, education, social security as a means of developing the country. When such needs of people are not fulfilled, it results in the breach of right to life, right to health, right to protection, etc under UDHR. Moreover, it is necessarily the tax payers money that is spent for this, which will result in impacting inflation and subsequently the downfall of the economy of Britain. Therefore, alternative measures which would be rather peaceful should be taken in place of rushing into wars that may result in gruesome world wars. 1 | Page [1] Youtube, British parliament debates military action against Syria Part1, (29th August 2013), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJLxBdhGBNE [2] World Observer Online, Syria crisis: Cameron loses Commons vote on Syria action, 30/08/2013, https://worldobserveronline.com/2013/08/30/syria-crisis-cameron-loses-commons-vote-on-syria-action/ [3] Ilias Bantekas, International criminal law: War crimes and grave breaches  (4th edition, Hart publishing,22 September 2010) at pg.176, In accordance with customary law, Article 8(2)(b)(xvii) prohibits the employment of poison or poisoned weapons, if the substance released from the weapon cause death or serious damage to health in the ordinary course of events, through its toxic properties. [4] Human Rights Watch, Attacks on Ghouta: Analysis of alleged use of chemical weapons in Syria, (De Standaard, September 2013), at pg.21 [5] ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Appeals chamber judgment (15/07/1999) [6] Ilias Bantekas; note 3 above, at pgs.138,141 [7] Customary IHL, Rule 74. Chemical weapons, https://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule74 [8] Fionna Bezaire and Bhaskar S. Manda, responsibility to protect, https://r2pcoalition.org/content/view/22/93/ [9] Jared Feldschreiber, United Nations Report: Sec. Gen. Ban Ki Moon Confirms Unequivocally Objectively Chemical Weapons Used in Syria, https://www.lawyerherald.com/articles/4056/20130916/united-nations-report-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-confirms-unequivocally.htm [10] Neil Parpworth, Constitutional and Administrative law: The meaning of a constitution  (6th edition,Oxford University Press), at pg. 7 [11] Neil Parpworth, note 10 above, at pg 11 [12] A and X and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56; [2005] 2 AC 68 [13] Catherine Elliot and Frances Quinn,   The English Legal System: The role of judges  (12th edition, Pearson) at pg 148 [14]  Parliament and Government, https://www.par liament.uk/about/how/role/parliament-government/ [15] Pickin v British Railway Board (1974) AC 765 [16] Vauxhall Estates Ltd v Liverpool Cooperation [1932] 1 KB 733 [17] Ellen Street Estates Ltd v Minister of Health [1934] 1 KB 590 [18] Blackburn v Attorney General [1971] 1 WLR 1037; 2 All ER 1380 [19] Hilaire Barnett, Constitutional and Administrative Law: Parliamentary Sovereignty  (10th edition, Routledge) at pgs 110,113,124,125,136 [20] The Guardian, Does parliamentary sovereignty still reign supreme? (Adam Wagner,27th January 2011), https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/jan/27/supreme-court-parliamentary-sovereignty [21] BBC, US to act in its best interests over Syria crisis (30th August 2013), https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23894173 [22] BBC, Syria crisis, Cameron loses Commons vote on Syria action (30th August 2013), https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-23892783 [23] Youtube, note 1 above, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJLxBdhGBNE [2 4] The Guardian, Observer/ Opiniom Politics Polls (Toby Helm, 31st August 2013), https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/aug/31/poll-british-military-action-syria [25] World Observer Online, note 2 above, https://worldobserveronline.com/2013/08/30/syria-crisis-cameron-loses-commons-vote-on-syria-action/ [26] Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1983] UKHL 6 (GCHQ) [27]  The Governance of Britain (Colin Warbrick, 2008), https://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?srguid=ia744cc630000014397915ad408901209docguid=IFB8EF8814A4611DDBF1596BDF21EBB6Ahitguid=IFB8EF8814A4611DDBF1596BDF21EBB6Arank=1spos=1epos=1td=340crumb-action=appendcontext=10resolvein=true [28] Youtube, note 1 above, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJLxBdhGBNE [29] World Observer Online, note 2 above, https://worldobserveronline.com/2013/08/30/syria-crisis-cameron-loses-commons-vote-on-syria-action/ [30] Fionna Bezaire and Bhaskar S. Manda, note 8 above, https://r2pco alition.org/content/view/22/93/ [31] BBC, Syria crisis: where key countries stand, (17th September 2013), https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23849587 [32] BBC, Tony Blair: Iraq war made UK hesitant over Syria intervention, (6th September,2013), https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23983036